Hee, The crystal structure of ionic conductor LaxCe1–xO2–x/2, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 24 (2004) 1291–1294. Aslanian, Isomorphic substitutions in the CeO2–La2O3 system at 850 ☌, Crystal Research Technology, 24 (1989) P. Mann, The crystal structure of Y7O6F9, Acta Crystallographic B, 31 (1975) 1406–1411. of Gd3+ in La2O3 and its solid solutions with CeO2, Journal de Physique Colloques, 37 (12) (1976) 204–207. Gradinger, Über heterotype Mischphasen bei Seltenerdoxyden, Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 276 (1954) 209–226. Hernandez, Crystal-chemical effect of splat-cooling on a 30 mol % CeO2 70 mol % La2O3 mixed oxide, Journal of Materials Science, 10 (1975) 1255–1257. Tiziano Montini, Michele Melchionna, Matteo Monai, and Paolo Fornasiero, Fundamentals and Catalytic Applications of CeO2-Based Materials, Chemical Reviews,116 (2016) 5987–6041.Scirè, Photocatalytic and photothermocatalytic applications of cerium oxide-based materials, Cerium Oxide (CeO2): Synthesis, Properties and Applications (2020) P. Rupp, A review of defect structure and chemistry in ceria and its solid solutions, Chemical Society Reviews, 49 (2020) 554-592. Jayakumar, Effect of Dopant on Improving Structural, Density and Functional Properties of Ceria Based SOFC Electrolyte, International Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology–15 (1) (2019) 37-44. As the temperature decreases, there is a narrowing of all areas of homogeneity. It is established that in the CeO 2–La 2O 3 –Gd 2O 3 system at 12 °С the phases of cubic symmetry are in equilibrium: on the basis of F–CeО 2 with the spatial group Fm3m and C-phase on the basis of Gd 2O 3 with the spatial group Ia3. The boundaries of the phase fields and the periods of the crystal lattices of the formed phases are determined. It was found that solid solutions based on cubic (F) modification with CeO 2 fluorite type, monoclinic (B) and cubic (C) modifications of Gd 2O 3 and hexagonal (A) modification of La 2O 3 are formed in the ternary system CeO 2–La 2O 3–Gd 2O 3.
Phase equilibria and structural transformations in CeO 2–La 2O 3–Gd 2O 3 systems at temperatures 12 °С and in the binary system La 2O 3–Gd 2O 3 at temperatures 1100, 15 ° С in the whole range of concentrations were investigated using X-ray phase and microstructural analyzes. State diagrams of CeO 2–La 2O 3–Ln 2O 3 systems are the physicochemical basis for the creation of solid electrolytes for fuel cells, oxygen gas sensors, catalyst carriers, protective coatings on alloys, etc. Materials based on cerium oxide, stabilized by oxides of rare earth elements, are promising for use in medicine, energy and mechanical engineering due to the uniqueness of their properties.
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